FOR ALL COUNTRIES (BELOW)

Check routine immunisations including tetanus.

For immunisation recommendations for poliomyelitis boosters, hepatitis A and typhoid please see the country by country guide below, noting that immunisation against typhoid and/or hepatitis A may be less important for short stays in standard business or tourist conditions. For polio, see also paragraph 1.8.

Those walking or camping in late spring and summer in rural parts of central and eastern Europe (including the former USSR) and Scandinavia, are at increased risk of tick-borne encephalitis - consider immunisation (see also Chapter 7).

For long stay visitors to eastern Europe and the former USSR consider immunisation against diphtheria and hepatitis B, and check BCG status; for those going to live or work with local people, a diphtheria booster may be considered even for shorter stays if the last dose was more than 10 years ago. For remote areas out of reach of medical attention, possibly also consider rabies vaccine.